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Academic Reading Test 6
Part 1
Why do people collect things?
People from about every civilization love collecting things. They might collect stamps, books, cards, priceless paintings or worthless ticket stubs to old sports games. Their collection might hang on the walls of a mansion or be stored in a box under the bed. So what is information technology that drives people to collect? Psychologist Dr Maria Richter argues that urge to collect is a basic human characteristic. According to her, in the very offset years of life we form emotional connections with lifeless objects such every bit soft toys. And these positive relationships are the starting point for our fascination with collecting objects. In fact, the desire to collect may go back further nevertheless. Scientists advise that for some ancient humans living hundreds of thousands of years agone, collecting may take had a serious purpose. Only past collecting sufficient food supplies to last though freezing winters or dry out summers could our ancestors stay live until the weather improved.
It turns out that even collecting for pleasure has a very long history. In 1925, the archeologist Leonard Woolley was working at a site in the historic Babylonian city of Ur. Woolley had travelled to the region intending simply to excavate the site of a palace. Instead, to his astonishment, he dug up artefacts, which appeared to belong to a 2,500- year-old museum. Amongst the objects was function of a statue and a piece of a local building. And accompanying some of the artefacts were descriptions like modern-day labels. These texts appeared in three languages and were carved into pieces of clay. It seems likely that this early private collection of objects was created by Princess Ennigaldi, the daughter of King Nabonidus. However, very footling else is known about Princess Ennigaldi or what her motivations were for setting up her drove.
This may accept been one of the first large private collections, but it was not the last. Indeed, the way for establishing collections actually got started in Europe around 2,000 years later with then-called 'Cabinets of Curiosities'. These were collections, usually belonging to wealthy families that were displayed in cabinets or small rooms. Cabinets of Curiosities typically included fine paintings and drawings, but equal importance was given to exhibits from the natural world such as animal specimens, shells and plants.
Some significant individual collections of this sort date from the fifteenth century. One of the first belonged to the Medici family. The Medicis became a powerful political family in Italy and later a royal house, but banking was originally the source of all their wealth. The family started by collecting coins and valuable gems, then artworks and antiques from effectually Europe. In 1570 a hush-hush 'studio' was built inside the Palazzo Medici to house their growing collection. This exhibition room had solid walls without windows to go on the valuable collection rubber.
In the seventeenth century, some other fabulous collection was created by a Danish dr. name Ole Worm. His collection room contained numerous skeletons and specimens, likewise every bit aboriginal texts and a laboratory. Ane of Ole Worm's motivations was to betoken out when other researchers had made mistakes, such equally the simulated claim that birds of paradise had no feet. He also endemic a great auk, species of bird that has now become extinct, and the illustration he produced of it has been of value to later scientists.
The passion for collecting was just as potent in the nineteenth century. Lady Charlotte Guest spoke at least six languages and became well-known for translating English books into Welsh. She also travelled widely throughout Europe acquiring old and rare pottery, which she added to her collection at domicile in southern England. When Lady Charlotte died in 1895 this drove was given to the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. At effectually the same fourth dimension in the north of England, a wealthy goldsmith named Joseph Mayer was edifice up an enormous collection of artefacts, particularly those dug up from sites in his local expanse. His legacy, the Mayer Trust, continues to fund public lectures in accordance with his wishes.
In the twentieth century, the writer Beatrix Potter had a magnificent collection of books, insects, plants and other botanical specimens. Most of these were donated to London'south Natural History Museum, simply Beatrix held on to her cabinets of fossils, which she was particularly proud of. In the United Stats, President Franklin D. Roosevelt began his postage stamp collection as a child and continued to add to it all his life. The stress associated with existence president was easier to cope with, Roosevelt said, by taking time out to focus on his collection. Past the end of his life this had expanded to include model ships, coins and artworks.
Virtually of us will never own collections and then big or valuable equally these. However, the examples given hither suggest that collecting is a passion that has been shared by countless people over many centuries.
Role two
Making Documentary Films
A For much of the twentieth century, documentary films were over shadowed by their more successful Hollywood counterparts. For a number of reasons, documentaries were frequently ignored past critics and film studies courses at universities. Firstly, the very thought of documentary film made some people suspicious. Every bit the critic Dr Helmut Fischer put it, 'Documentary makers might have ambitions to tell the "truth" and show but "facts" merely there is no such thing as a non-fiction film. That's considering, equally presently equally you lot record an incident on camera, you are altering its reality in a fundamental mode'. Secondly, even supporters of documentaries could not concur on a precise definition, which did niggling to amend the reputation of the genre. Lastly, there were also concerns about the ideals of filming subjects without their consent, which is a necessity in many documentary films.
B None of this prevented documentaries from existence produced, though exactly when the procedure started is open to question. Information technology is frequently claimed that Nanook of the North was the first documentary. Made by the American filmmaker Robert J. Flaherty in 1922, the film depicts the hard, sometimes heroic lives of native American peoples in the Canadian Chill. Nanook of the North is said to accept set off a trend that continued though the 1920s with the films of Dziga Vertov in the Soviet Marriage and works past other filmmakers effectually the globe. Nevertheless, that 1922 starting point has been disputed by supporters of an before date. Among this grouping is pic historian Anthony Berwick, who argues that the genre can be traced dorsum equally early as 1895, when similar films started to appear, including newsreels, scientific films and accounts of journeys of exploration.
C In the years following 1922, one particular style of documentary started to appear. These films adopted a serious tone while depicting the lives of actual people. Cameras were mounted on tripods and subjects apposite and repeated activities for the purposes of the picture. British filmmaker John Grierson was an important member of this group. Grierson's career lasted nearly xl years, first with Drifters (1929) and culminating with I Remember, I Call up (1968). Nevertheless, by the 1960s Grierson'southward fashion of moving picture was existence rejected by the Straight Movie theatre motility, which wanted to produce more than natural and authentic films: cameras were hand-held; no boosted lighting or sound was used; and the subjects did not rehearse. According to moving-picture show writer Paula Murphy, the principles and methods of Direct Cinema brought documentaries to the attending of universities and film historians as never before. Documentaries started to be recognized equally a distinct genre worthy of serious scholarly assay.
D Starting in the 1980s, the widespread availability of first video and then digital cameras transformed filmmaking. The flexibility and low cost of these devices meant that anyone could now exist a filmmaker. Amateurs working from domicile could compete with professionals in ways never possible before. The appearance of online pic-sharing platforms in the early 2000s simply increased the new possibilities for amateur documentaries were being made, perhaps the well-nigh pop documentary of 2006 was notwithstanding the professionally made An Inconvenient Truth. New cameras and digital platforms revolutionised the making of films. But as critic Maria Fiala has pointed out, ' The arguments sometimes put frontward that these innovations immediately transformed what the public expected to meet in a documentary isn't entirely accurate.'
Eastward However, a new generation of documentary filmmakers then emerged, and with them came a new philosophy of the genre. These filmmakers moved away from highlighting political themes or urgent social issues. Instead the focus moved inwards, exploring personal lives, relationships and emotions. It could exist argued that Catfish (2010) was a perfect example of this new tendency. The film chronicles the everyday lives and interactions of the social media generation and was both a commercial and critical success. Filmmaker Josh Camberwell maintains that Catfish embodies a new realization that documentaries are inherently subjective and that this should be historic. Says Camberwell, 'It is a requirement for documentary makers to express a particular viewpoint and give personal responses to the material they are recording.'
F The popularity and diverseness of documentaries today is illustrated by the large number of movie festivals focusing on the genre around the world. The biggest of all must be Hot Docs Festival in Canada, which over the years has showcased hundreds of documentaries from more than 50 dissimilar countries Even older is the Hamburg International Short Motion-picture show Festival. As its name suggests, Hamburg specializes in curt films, merely ane category takes this to its limits – entries may not exceed 3 minutes in duration. The Short and Sweet Festival is a slightly smaller event held in Utah, U.s.. The minor size of the festival means that for outset timers this is the ideal venue to effort to get some recognition for their films. And so there is the Atlanta Shortsfest, which is a peachy event for a broad variety of filmmakers. Atlanta welcomes all established types of documentaries and recognises the growing popularity of animations, with a category specifically for films of this blazon. These are just a few of the scores of flick festivals on offer, and in that location are more than being established every twelvemonth. All in all, it has never been easier for documentary makers to get their films in front end of an audience .
Role 3
Jellyfish: A Remarkable Marine Life Course
When viewed in the wild, jellyfish are perhaps the most graceful and vividly coloured of all sea creatures. But few people have seen a jellyfish living in its natural habitat. Instead, they might see a dead and shapeless specimen lying on the embankment, or perhaps receive a painful sting while swimming, and so it is inevitable that jellyfish are oftentimes considered ugly and mayhap unsafe. This misunderstanding can be partly traced dorsum to the 20th century, when the use of massive nets and mechanical winches often damaged the delicate jellyfish that scientists managed to recover. As a result, disappointingly picayune research was carried out into jellyfish, equally marine biologists took the easy choice and focused on physically stronger species such as fish, crabs and shrimp. Fortunately, yet, new techniques are at present being developed. For instance, scientists have discovered that sound bounces harmlessly off jellyfish, then in the Arctic and Kingdom of norway researchers are using sonar to monitor jellyfish beneath the ocean's surface. This, together with aeroplane surveys, satellite imagery and underwater cameras, has provided a wealth of new information in contempo years.
Scientists know believe that in shallow h2o alone there are at to the lowest degree 38 meg tonnes of jellyfish and these creatures inhabit every type of marine habitat, including deep water. Furthermore, jellyfish were once regarded every bit relatively solitary, but this is some other area where science has evolved. Dr Karen Hansen was the outset to suggest that jellyfish are in fact the centre of entire ecosystems, as shrimp, lobster, and fish shelter and feed among their tentacles. This proposition has afterwards been conclusively proven by independent studies. DNA sequencing and isotope analysis take provided further insights, including the identification of numerous additional species of jellyfish unknown to science merely a few years ago.
This brings united states to the effect of climate change. Research studies around the earth have recorded a massive growth in jellyfish populations in recent years and some scientists accept linked this to climate change. However, while this may be credible, it cannot be established with certainty as other factors might exist involved. Related to this was the longstanding bookish conventionalities that jellyfish had no predators and therefore there was no natural process to limit their numbers. Notwithstanding, observations made past Paul Dewar and his team showed that this was incorrect. As a result, the scientific community at present recognises that species including sharks, tuna, swordfish and some salmon all casualty on jellyfish.
Information technology is still widely assumed that jellyfish are among the simplest lifeforms, as they no brain or primal nervous system. While this is true, we now know they possess senses that allow them to see, experience and interact with their environment on subtle ways. What is more than, analysis of and then-chosen 'upside-down jellyfish' shows that they close down their bodies and residue in much the aforementioned style that humans do at night, something once widely believed to be incommunicable for jellyfish. Furthermore, far from 'floating' in the h2o as they are however sometimes idea to exercise, analysis has shown jellyfish to be the most economical swimmers in the animal kingdom. In short, scientific progress in recent years has shown that many of our established beliefs about jellyfish were inaccurate. Jellyfish, though, are not harmless. Their sting can cause a serious allergic reaction in some people and large outbreaks of them – known as 'blooms' – can impairment tourist businesses, break fishing nets, overwhelm fish farms and block industrial cooling pipes. On the other paw, jellyfish are a source of medical collagen used in surgery and wound dressings. In improver, a particular protein taken from jellyfish has been used in over 30,000 scientific studies of serious diseases such as Alzheimer's. Thus, our human relationship with jellyfish is circuitous as in that location are a range of alien factors to consider.
Jellyfish have existed more or less unchanged for at least 500 meg years. Scientists recognise that over the planet'south history there accept been 3 major extinction events connected with changing environmental conditions. Together, these destroyed 99% of all life, simply jellyfish lived through all three. Inquiry in the Mediterranean Sea has at present shown, remarkably, that in quondam historic period and on the bespeak of death, certain jellyfish are able to revert to an earlier physical state, leading to the assertion that they are immortal. While this may non technically be true, it is certainly an extraordinary discovery. What is more, the oceans today contain 30% more poisonous acid than they did 100 years ago, causing problems for numerous species, but not jellyfish, which may fifty-fifty thrive in more acidic waters. Jellyfish throughout their long history accept shown themselves to be remarkably resilient.
Studies of jellyfish in class know as scyphozoa take shown a life wheel of three distinct phases. First, thousands of babies known every bit planulae are released. Them, after a few days the planulae develop into polyps – stationary lifeforms that feed off floating particles. Finally, these are transformed into something that looks like a stack of pancakes, each of which is a tiny jellyfish. It is at present understood that all species of jellyfish become through similarly distinct stages of life. This is further show of merely how sophisticated and unusual these lifeforms are.
Answers
(Q.1 to Q.10)
1. True
2. True
iii. Simulated
4. Truthful
5. Not Given
6. False
7. banking
8. chemical limerick
9. windows
10. analogy
(Q.11 to Q.xx)
eleven. lectures
12. fossils
13. stress
14. 4
15. vii
xvi. i
17. eight
18. five
nineteen. iii
twenty. D
(Q.21 to Q.30)
21. C
22. A
23. Due east
24. three minutes / 3 minutes
25. first timers / 1st timers
26. animations
27. No
28. Yes
29. Not Given
xxx. No
(Q.31 to Q.40)
31. Non Given
32. Yeah
33. B
34. A
35. C
36. B
37. C
38. Due east
39. A
xl. D
iii.8 26 votes
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I am going to bring together duscussion
Very very poor, most of the answers practice non lucifer to this. Totally time waste ieltstester.com
Faria Waseem
8 months agone
question 8 and 9 doesn't seems to exist correct ,Instead of analogy information technology should be POTTERY, and despite of chemical composition their should be Windows.
#x. Lady Charlotte Invitee created a collection ILLUSTRATION…… IN THE PARAGRAPH THEY DIDNT MENTION Anything Nigh ILLUSTRATIONS? TELL ME IN THAT PARAGRAPH WHERE THEY PLACE ILLUSTRATIONS. I ONLY READ AND SAW POTTERY.
The question in #8 doesn't seem to fit the right answer.
At the Palazzio Medici at that place was a subconscious 'studio' which had no: chemical composition
THAT DIDNT MAKE ANY SENSE
# nine respond also didnt make any FVCKING sense.
33/40, it was a groovy exam, thnx